CLl-PAST-OBJ
16 tu The fresh REFLEXIVE PREFIX In ZULU – A beneficial TYPOLOGICAL Perspective Sonja Elizabeth. Bosch In this article I will investigate the root of reflexive prefix from inside the Zulu, paying attention for the process of grammaticalization for which lexemes change into grammatical formatives. While the reflexivization in certain Bantu languages could well be opposed, this article have been around in the form of an effective typological research. Inside the Lehmann s () talk of one’s phenomena randki her dating that are commonly referred to as reflexive, it is fascinating to see he assumes on five types of reflexives, specifically 0) autophoric nouns being normal nouns like looks, air, heart, direct you to definitely ple, inside the Sanscrit the fresh new noun dtman definition breath, soul, and also in Basque, this new noun burua meaning lead, are acclimatized to show the equivalent of English mind. Autophoric nouns used just like the reflexives usually are with an excellent possessive pronoun, like in next analogy of Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani energy:acc place:area putting strength into the themselves (ii) reflexive nouns which are nouns saying this is notice and absolutely nothing else, like the German selbst myself and you can Finnish itse given that illustrated regarding the following advice: 344
17 German (2) Ich komme selbst I am upcoming me personally Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-lorsque? want-2.sg-int pass-acc.pl worry about-all-poss.2.sg How would you like brand new passes on your own? When you look at the dialects such as Finnish, Hungarian and you can Turkish reflexive nouns simply take possessive affixes, during almost every other languages such as for instance German or even the Romance languages, such nouns commonly usually along with possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns having an important purpose of it comes back again to the subject, for instance the German sich into the: Italian language (4) Sie waschen sich He’s laundry themselves (iv) verbal reflexives which happen to be verb affixes appearing that the action for some reason affects the topic, as in the second instances: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-come across the guy watched themselves Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di son wash-refl-after dark man sparkling themselves Lehmann () emphasizes that the limitations between the categories try liquid and you can says these four kinds of reflexive points are now into a level away from increasing grammaticalization.
To put it differently, you can pick which because the good continuum out-of changes that will feel represented as follows: 345
18 Lexical items Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) provides advice in numerous languages in order to illustrate the alterations with taken place otherwise remain happening from group to the following. The process of change try confirmed of the Faltz () exactly who, for their morphological difference in several fundamental sort of reflexives, namely NP-reflexives that may add a moderate morpheme acting as head of your own reflexive noun words, and verbal reflexives, consisting of reflexive pronouns that are cliticized on the verb, remarks: Dialects will get change from you to pole into almost every other, actually, particularly path are fundamentally about NP-reflexive rod towards the spoken reflexive pole. Into the Zulu reflexiveness are know by means of a prefix hence actually precedes new verb base. The new reflexive prefix is invariable in shape, which means it is a great morphological figure and therefore stays ongoing aside from the course that its antecedent belongs. This is demonstrably represented regarding following instances in the Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya the fresh-guy the guy-himself strike the man hit themselves (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini the brand new-lady she-herself-see in-echo The lady sees by herself from the reflect On these instances -zi- ‘s the reflexive morpheme plus the methods away from strike and watch is brought back through to brand new respective grammatical subjects, that’s, child and you may lady. It is interesting that from inside the generative training, a critical perception is made towards the root design off sentences that features reflexives, specifically NP1 – V – NP1. At first glance, eg a housing are ungrammatical on Bantu languages whether your a couple of NPs are co-referential and identical in shape, e.grams. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho duped Sipho Inside the Zulu such as a phrase is created grammatical by insertion out of good reflexive prefix on the verb and you may this new deletion of your own co-referential noun. e.g. 346